The Office of News and Media Relations works closely with journalists and the campus community to tell the UMass Amherst story. We gather and promote newsworthy developments about the achievements of faculty, staff and students; the university's programs and Cheap essay writing sercice. If you need professional help with completing any kind of homework, Online Essay Help is the right place to get it. Whether you are looking for essay, coursework, research, or term paper help, or with any other assignments, it is no problem for us Feb 02, · Another bad effect of the Equal Rights Amendment is that it will abolish a woman’s right to child support and alimony, and substitute what the women’s libbers think is a more “equal” policy, that “such decisions should be within the discretion of the Court and should be made on the economic situation and need of the parties in the
50 Great Argumentative Essay Topics for Any Assignment
As we celebrate the centennial of the 19th Amendment, giving women the right to vote, we should also celebrate the major strides women have made in the labor market. Despite this progress, evidence suggests that many women remain unable to achieve their goals. The gap in earnings between women and men, although smaller than it was years ago, is still significant; women continue to be underrepresented in certain industries and occupations; and too many women struggle to combine aspirations for work and family.
Further advancement has been hampered by barriers to equal opportunity and workplace rules and norms that fail to support a reasonable work-life balance. If these obstacles persist, we will squander the potential of many of our citizens and incur a substantial loss to the productive essay on equal pay act of our economy at a time when the aging of the population and weak productivity growth are already weighing on economic growth.
In the early 20th century, most women in the United States did not work essay on equal pay act the home, and those who did were primarily young and unmarried. Also, the aggregate statistics obscure the differential experience of women by race. African American women were about twice as likely to participate in the labor force as were white women at the time, largely because they were more likely to remain in the labor force after marriage.
The fact that many women left work upon marriage reflected cultural norms, the nature of the work available to them, and legal strictures.
The occupational choices of those young women who did work were severely circumscribed. Most women lacked significant education—and women with little education mostly toiled as piece workers in factories or as domestic workers, jobs that were dirty and often unsafe. Educated women were scarce. Fewer than 2 percent of all to year-olds were enrolled essay on equal pay act an institution of higher education, and just one-third of those were women. Such women did not have to perform manual labor, but their choices were likewise constrained.
Despite the widespread sentiment against women, particularly married women, working outside the home and with the limited opportunities available to them, women did enter the labor force in greater numbers over this period, with participation rates reaching nearly 50 percent for single women by and nearly 12 percent for married women.
By50 percent of single women and 40 percent of married women were participating in the labor force. Several factors contributed to this rise. First, with the advent of mass high school education, graduation rates rose substantially.
At the same time, new technologies contributed to an increased demand for clerical workers, and these jobs were increasingly taken on by women. Moreover, because these jobs tended to be cleaner and safer, the stigma attached to work for a married woman diminished. And while there were still marriage bars that forced women out of the labor force, these formal barriers were gradually removed over the period following World War II.
Over the decades from toincreasing opportunities also arose for highly educated women. As time progressed, attitudes about women working and their employment prospects changed.
As women gained experience in the labor force, they increasingly saw that they could balance work and family. A new model of the two-income family emerged. Some women began to attend college and graduate school with the expectation of essay on equal pay act, whether or not they planned to marry and have families. In the period after World War II, many women had not expected that they would spend as much of their adult lives working as turned out to be the case.
By contrast, in the s young women more commonly expected that they would spend a substantial portion of their lives in the labor force, and they prepared for it, increasing their educational attainment and taking courses and college majors that better equipped them for careers as opposed to just jobs. These changes in attitudes and expectations were supported by other changes under way in society. Workplace protections were enhanced through the passage of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act in and the recognition of sexual harassment in the workplace.
Access to birth control increased, which allowed married couples greater control over the size of their families and young women the ability to delay marriage and to plan children around their educational and work choices. And inwomen gained, for the first time, the right to apply for credit in their own name without a male co-signer. By the early s, essay on equal pay act, the labor force participation rate of prime working-age women—those between the ages of 25 and 54—reached just over 74 percent, compared with roughly 93 percent for prime working-age men.
By then, the share of women going into the traditional fields of teaching, nursing, social work, and clerical work declined, and more women were becoming doctors, lawyers, managers, and professors. As women increased their education and joined industries and occupations formerly dominated by men, the gap in earnings between women and men began to close significantly. We, as a country, have reaped great benefits from the increasing role that women have played in the economy.
The participation rate for prime working-age women peaked in the essay on equal pay act s and currently stands at about 76 percent. Of course, women, particularly those with lower levels of education, have been affected by the same economic forces that have been pushing down participation among men, including technical change and globalization. Recent research has shown that although women now enter professional schools in numbers nearly equal to men, they are still substantially less likely to reach the highest echelons of their professions.
The gap in earnings between men and women has narrowed substantially, but progress has slowed lately, and women working full time still earn about 17 percent less than men, on average, each week. Even when we compare men and women in the same or similar occupations who appear nearly identical in background and experience, a gap of about 10 percent typically remains. Even in my own field of economics, women constitute only about one-third of Ph. recipients, a number that has barely budged in two decades.
This lack of success in climbing the professional ladder would seem to explain why the wage gap actually remains largest for those at the top of the earnings distribution. One of the primary factors contributing to the failure of these highly skilled women to reach the tops of their professions and earn equal pay is that top jobs in fields such as law and business require longer workweeks and penalize taking time off.
But it can be difficult for women to meet the demands in these fields once they have children. The very fact that these types of jobs require such long hours likely discourages some women—as well as men—from pursuing these career tracks. Advances in technology have facilitated greater work-sharing and flexibility in scheduling, and there are further opportunities in this direction.
Economic models also suggest that while it can be difficult for any one employer to move to a model with shorter hours, if many firms were to change their model, they and their workers could all be better off.
Of course, most women are not employed in fields that require such long hours or that impose such severe penalties for taking time off. But the difficulty of balancing work and family is a widespread problem. In fact, the recent trend in many occupations is to demand complete scheduling flexibility, which can result in too few hours of work for those with family demands and can make it difficult to schedule childcare, essay on equal pay act.
Reforms that encourage companies to provide some predictability in schedules, cross-train workers to perform different tasks, or require a minimum guaranteed number of hours in exchange for flexibility could improve the lives of workers holding such jobs. Another problem is that in most states, childcare is affordable for fewer than half of all families.
And just 5 percent of workers with wages in the bottom quarter of the wage distribution have jobs that provide them with paid family leave. This circumstance puts many women in the position of having to choose between caring for a sick family member and keeping their jobs, essay on equal pay act. This possibility should inform essay on equal pay act own thinking about policies to make it easier for women and men to combine their family and career aspirations.
For instance, improving access to affordable and good quality childcare would appear to fit the bill, as it has been shown to support full-time employment. Recently, there also seems to be some momentum for providing families with paid leave at the time of childbirth. The experience in Europe suggests picking policies that do not narrowly target childbirth, but instead can be used to meet a variety of health and caregiving responsibilities, essay on equal pay act. The United States faces a number of longer-term economic challenges, essay on equal pay act, including the aging of the population and the low growth rate of productivity.
One recent study estimates that increasing the female participation rate to that of men would raise our gross domestic product by 5 percent. Our workplaces and families, as well as women themselves, would benefit from continued progress.
However, a number of factors appear to be holding women back, including the difficulty women currently have in trying to combine their careers with other aspects of their lives, including caregiving. In looking to solutions, we should consider improvements to work environments and policies that benefit not only women, but all workers. Yellen would like to thank Stephanie Aaronson, now vice president and director of Economic Studies at the Brookings Institution, for her assistance in the preparation essay on equal pay act the essay on equal pay act remarks.
Read the full text of the speech here ». The lack of diversity in the field of economics — in addition to the lack of progress relative to other STEM fields — is drawing increasing attention in the profession, but nearly all the focus has been on economists at academic institutions, and little attention has been devoted to the diversity of the economists employed […].
General ret. Lori J. military, essay on equal pay act the work still to be done to ensure equitable experiences for all service members. Middle-class incomes have risen modestly in recent decades, essay on equal pay act, and most of any gains in their incomes are the result of more working women. Janet L, essay on equal pay act. May A historical perspective on women in the labor force. Women working at the U. Capitol switchboard, Washington, D.
Library of Congress. Remaining challenges and some possible solutions. About the Author. Yellen Distinguished Fellow in Residence — Economic Studies, The Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy Janet L.
Yellen is a Distinguished Fellow in Residence with the Economic Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, as well as an adviser to the Magellan Group. Yellen previously served as Chair of the Federal Reserve Boardas Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve Boardas President and Chief Executive Officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Franciscoessay on equal pay act, and as Chair of the White House Council of Economic Advisors InDr. Yellen was appointed Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association, for which she served as a Vice Presidentand where she is essay on equal pay act President of the Executive Committee.
MORE FROM JANET YELLEN. September 24, August 13, MORE FROM THE 19A SERIES.
Equal Pay Act
, time: 2:56What’s Wrong with ‘Equal Rights’ for Women? – | Archives of Women's Political Communication
The F.D.A. recently approved a fertility-tracking app for marketing as a contraceptive for the first time The Office of News and Media Relations works closely with journalists and the campus community to tell the UMass Amherst story. We gather and promote newsworthy developments about the achievements of faculty, staff and students; the university's programs and Melissa Brinks graduated from the University of Washington in with a Bachelor's in English with a creative writing emphasis. She has spent several years tutoring K students in many subjects, including in SAT prep, to help them prepare for their college education
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