Japan research papers

Japan research papers

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Japanese whalingin terms of active hunting of whales, is estimated by the Japan Whaling Association to japan research papers begun around the 12th century. During the 20th century, Japan was heavily involved in commercial whaling. This continued until the International Whaling Commission IWC moratorium on commercial whaling went into effect in Japan research papers continued to hunt whales using the scientific research provision in the agreement and Japanese whaling was conducted by the Institute of Cetacean Research.

This was allowed under IWC rules, although most IWC members opposed it. Their objective is to hunt 3, Antarctic minke whales over 10 years, starting with whales during the —16 season. These hunts are a source of conflict between pro- and anti-whaling countries and organizations. The UN's International Court of Justice, in addition to other countries, scientists, and environmental organizations consider the Japanese research program to be unnecessary and lacking scientific merit, and describe it as a thinly disguised commercial whaling operation.

Archeological evidence in the form of whale remains discovered in burial mounds suggests that whales have been consumed in Japan since the Jōmon period between c.

Without the means to engage in active whaling, japan research papers, consumption japan research papers that time primarily stemmed from stranded whales. Organized open-boat shore whaling began in the s; and continued into the early 20th century.

Wada Chubei Yorimoto established a fishery by organizing the group hunting system in Whalers would spot whales from stations along the shore and launch boats to catch them with harpoons and lances. His grandson, Wada Kakuemon Yoriharu, later known as Taiji Kakuemon Yoriharu, invented the whaling net technique called amitori-shiki 網取り式. Instead of trying to harpoon whales in open water, now twenty or more boats would encircle a whale and make a racket, driving it towards the shallows into nets wielded by a second group of six boats, japan research papers.

There harpooners would approach in four boats of their own. The nets made escape more difficult and, in its struggle to escape, the whale got tired sooner. Primarily right whaleshumpback whalesgrayand fin whales were hunted.

Once ashore, the whale was quickly flensed and divided into its separate parts for various warehouses and further processing.

Although the primary use for whales was meat, the entire whale was used in a variety of products including lamp oil, soaps, fertilizer, folding fans baleenand more. This method of whaling required a significant financial investment from rich individuals to compensate for the sizable labor force, japan research papers. However, whaling remained entwined with ritual and unlike their contemporary European counterparts the early Japanese coastal whalers considered whales a valuable resource and did not over-exploit local stocks.

Domestically, Japanese writers have tried to call attention to historical whale declines due to whaling practices by other nations over hundreds of years, some of which continue today, and assert that motives and objectives of Japanese whaling customs differ from other nations. When they kill whales, hunters invoke the Buddha and pray for the repose of japan research papers souls; [30] they held funerals for whales, built cenotaphs for them, gave posthumous Buddhist names to them, and when a dead fetus is removed from a butchered cow, an effort is made to release it into the sea.

These practices are intended to encourage emotionally japan research papers or spiritual relationships with whales, and are connected with Japanese religious beliefs. Even though Buddhists were opposed to hunting whales, japan research papers, due to the whales' great care for their calves, [33] enforcement of the Shorui-Awaremi-no-rei ordinances of animal protection excluded whales due to being perceived japan research papers as fish, despite the fulfillment of terms of protection for having "mammalian natures", and that a paper regarding whales as mammals was published in Kyoto in North Pacific right whales followed by grays and humpbacks were considered to be the primary targets, and the industries were devastating to the stocks [36] as catch quantities had been reduced dramatically in relatively short periods, japan research papers.

The incident effectively marked the end of traditional Japanese whaling practice. The modernization of Japanese whaling began with the adaptation of Western whaling methods around Inthe Tokugawa shogunate dispatched Nakahama Manjirō to the Bonin Islands on a Western-style schooner to practice whaling in the manner of the Western or "Yankee" whalers that were active in the West Pacific at that time.

From whalers that had settled in the Bonin Islands, Japan research papers purchased new tools such as the "bomb lance," an explosive harpoon that was used in whaling. Norwegian-style modern whaling, based on the use of power-driven vessels, cannons and exploding harpoons, was introduced in the Meiji period largely through the efforts of Jūrō Oka who is considered the "father of modern Japanese whaling".

Japan research papers also established the first modern whaling company in Japan inNihon Enyo Gyogyo K. which took its first whale on February 4,with a Norwegian gunner, Morten Pedersen. In the early 20th century, Jūrō Oka dominated the whale meat market in Japan with assistance and instruction from Norwegian whalers and their leased or purchased ships.

Another boost was provided by the capture of a Russian whaling fleet and subsequent transfer to Toyo GyoGyo Co. returned significant profits to its investors which led to increased Japanese competition. Oka later became the first president of the Japan Whaling and Fishing Association, established in I am firmly convinced that we shall become one of the greatest whaling nations in the world, japan research papers. The whaling grounds round Korea and Japan offer unlimited possibilities, and should stocks of whales, contrary to expectations, fail in those areas, we have the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea to the north and we are aware of the great treasure houses to the south.

The day will come when we shall hear one morning that whales have been caught in the Arctic and in the evening that whales are being hunted in the Antarctic. However, at the start of the 20th century local traditions conflicted with modern whaling practices. In the conflict turned violent in Same Village, Aomori Prefecture. Ocean pollution from the whaling stations, including large quantities of oil and blood runoff, japan research papers, angered the local fishermen and threatened their own fishing grounds, japan research papers.

In protest the fishermen burned a Toyo Hogei facility down. The people of the Same region also did not consume whales and considered them sacred. The League of Nations raised concerns about the over-exploitation of whale stocks and called for conservation measures in This eventually led to the Geneva Convention for the Regulation of Whaling which was presented in but did not enter into force until and was completely ignored by Japan and Germany, japan research papers.

Almost all the large whale populations in coastal Asia out of Japan's EEZ collapsed under pressure from Japan's industrializing whaling practices.

In particular, see Wildlife of China for discussion of the effects in their waters. There are 17 different whale species in the Antarctic and many species of whales migrate south to take advantage of food. This is the reason why most of whaling ships come to Antarctica every year for hunting.

Factory ships were not used by Japan until the s. As whale catches diminished in coastal waters, Japan looked to Antarctica. Toyo Hogei K, japan research papers. purchased the Norwegian factory ship, Antarctic, renaming it the Tonan Maru in Refrigerator ships were sent along to freeze and transport the meat back to Japan. By capitalizing on both the meat and oil of japan research papers, the Japanese industry continued to out-compete other whaling nations, japan research papers.

Improvements in technology such as the world's first diesel-powered whale catcher, the Seki Marualso increased the capacity to take whales, japan research papers. In the years building up to World War II, the Germans purchased whale oil from Japan and both nations used it in preparation for war. In London, the International Conference on Whaling, which Japan did not attend, led to additional limits on pelagic whaling in order to prevent excessive exploitation and specifically the extinction of the blue whale creating the Japan research papers Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling.

Regarding voluntary acceptance of restrictions:. This is the more important in that Japan, who has not yet acceded to the Convention is largely increasing her whaling fleet in the Antarctic Regardless of efforts to establish limits, in part due to Japan ignoring an day season limit and continuing for days, a record 45, whales were taken in a single season. The Protocol to the International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling, signed inestablished additional restrictions on whaling.

Inaccording to the country's Institute for Cetacean Research, Japan's whaling fleet has killed minke whales in the part of this year's Antarctic whale hunt.

During the Second World War, Japan's whaling was significantly limited to more familiar hunting grounds, such as the Bonin Islandsto provide meat and japan research papers for domestic and military use.

Whaling there was halted in March when the islands japan research papers taken by US forces. By November the whaling stations received permission to reopen; however, most whaling ships had been commandeered by the Imperial Japanese Navy, and by the end of the war the factory ships and most of the whale catchers had been sunk. General Douglas MacArthur encouraged the surrendered Japan to continue whaling in order to provide a cheap source of meat to starving people and millions japan research papers dollars in oil for the US and Europe.

Whale catchers once again took blue whales, fins, humpbacks and sperm whales in the Antarctic and elsewhere. The first post-war expedition was overseen by a US naval officer, Lieutenant David McCracken, and observed by Australian Kenneth Coonan. Coonan expressed disapproval of McCracken in his reports of violated regulations and waste dumped over the side when the fleet began killing whales faster than they could be processed.

McCracken even briefly joined in whaling with the Japanese crew of a whale catcher and detailed the trip in his book, Four Months on a Jap Whaler.

The post-war recovery established whale meat as a nationwide food source for the first time, japan research papers. In whale meat made up over 50 percent of the meat consumed in Japan. The market significantly increased through commercial sale and public distribution, japan research papers.

Inthe School Lunch Act also included whale meat in compulsory education elementary and middle school to improve the nutrition of Japanese children. The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling was created in in Washington to "provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry". Japan joined the IWC in Japan would later make heavy use of one particular article of the ICRW despite the condemnation of environmental organizations and anti-whaling nations.

Notwithstanding anything contained in this Convention any Contracting Government may grant to any of its nationals a special permit authorizing that national to kill, japan research papers, take and treat whales for purposes of scientific research subject to such restrictions as to number and subject to such other conditions as the Contracting Government thinks fit, and the killing, taking, and treating of whales in accordance with the provisions of this Article shall be exempt from the operation of this Convention.

Each Contracting Government shall report at once to the Commission all such authorizations which it has granted. Each Contracting Government may at any time japan research papers any such special permit which it has granted. Any whales taken under these special permits shall so far as practicable be processed and the proceeds shall be dealt with in accordance with directions issued by the Government by which the permit was granted.

As the IWC enacted regulation regarding whaling a number of unregulated operations acting outside of japan research papers laws of member nations became notorious in the mid-late 20th century.

For example, a large private whaling fleet was owned through a variety of holding companies and flags of convenience by shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis and gained notoriety for ignoring all limits of size and species. Onassis' factory ship, the Olympic Challengerwas renamed the Kyokuyo Maru II, japan research papers.

Behr who also owned the whaling ship, japan research papers, Sierra. The Tonna is famous for its demise. In with full holds the Tonna landed another 50 ton fin whale. As the whale was being winched aboard for processing the ship listed over, took on water and quickly sank.

through a Canadian subsidiary Taiyo Canada Ltd, japan research papers. and with whale product for Japanese japan research papers. In Julythe Sierra was severely damaged after being rammed by activist Paul Watson aboard his ship, the Sea Shepherd. As quotas and resources were reduced and restrictions increased, the commercial viability of large competing whaling fleets was also diminished. In order to preserve the industry, six Japanese whaling companies negotiated an agreement through the Japan Fisheries Agency in July Japan research papers six companies Nihon Suisan, Taiyo Gyogyo, Kyokuyo, Nitto Hogei, Nihon Hogei and Hokuyo Hogei merged to create a new company, Nihon Kyodo Hogei Co.

on February 15,

Astronomy education research papers in Japan: the never-changing and the ever-changing - A. Tomita

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Japan Journal of Research

JapanToday Higashi-Azabu IS bldg, 4F Higashi-Azabu Minato-ku Tokyo Japan Tel: +81 3 Fax: +81 3 Email: editor@blogger.com © GPlusMedia Inc Japan Journal of Research (ISSN ) is an open access, peer-reviewed multidisciplinary natural science blogger.com journal aims to provide a significant platform for publication of research findings in variety of research areas and disseminate knowledge across the globe Research methodology has come under scrutiny as it has been argued that non-lethal methods of research are available and that Japan's research whaling is commercial whaling in disguise. The Japanese claim that the accuracy of tissue and feces samples is